Alpine grasslands store vast amounts of organic carbon and are susceptible to global change. However, the responses of ecosystem carbon storage to synchronous atmospheric nitrogen deposition and altered precipitation regimes, along with the potential environmental mechanisms, remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the responses of aboveground and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB, respectively) and surface (0 − 10 cm) soil organic carbon content (SOCC) to nitrogen addition (slow-release urea, 10 g m–2 year–1) and changing precipitation (50 % increases and decreases, respectively) via a coordinated experiment distributed across three alpine grasslands (dense alpine meadow from 2017 to 2022, alpine meadow from 2017 to 2020, and alpine steppe from 2017 to 2020) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Nitrogen-related treatments increased AGB significantly (by 20.9 %− 25.1 %) in the dense alpine meadow, and the treatment of nitrogen addition plus a 50 % decrease in precipitation (N − 50 %) increased AGB by 59.8 % in the alpine steppe, when compared with the control. The N − 50 % treatment increased BGB (by 29.8 %) only in the dense alpine meadow. The SOCC of alpine grasslands exhibited an undetectable response to all treatments. Random forest model analysis showed that the spatiotemporal variations of the response ratio (RR) of AGB, BGB, and SOCC were jointly controlled by air temperature and their context (the mean values of the respective controls). Piecewise structural equation modeling confirmed the effects of context and further revealed that the RR of SOCC was balanced by the negative effects of SOCC context and positive effects of the RR of AGB. Variation partitioning analysis consistently showed that the RR of ecosystem carbon storage was regulated by the intersections of context combined with climate and treatment, rather than by individual effects. Our findings reveal a higher stabilization of belowground properties than aboveground biomass to short-term nitrogen addition and precipitation change within alpine grasslands. These results highlight the importance of context and temperature in terms of future climate impacts on alpine grassland ecosystem carbon storage.
Fig. 2. Responses of aboveground biomass (AGB, A− C), belowground biomass (BGB, D− F), and surface soil organic carbon content (SOCC, G− I) to nitrogen addition and precipitation change (CK: control; W+50 %: increased precipitation; W− 50 %: decreased precipitation; N: nitrogen addition; N + 50 %: nitrogen addition with increased precipitation; N − 50 %: nitrogen addition with decreased precipitation) in alpine steppe (BG), dense alpine meadow (HB), and alpine meadow (NQ) localities. Solid squares and horizontal lines of boxes represent mean and median values, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.